1 Introduction
Generic hexadiene – ( 2,4 ) – potassium ; 2,4 – potassium sorbate
Formula C6H7KO2
Simple structure CH3CH = CHCH = CHCOOK
Quality standard: National People’s Republic of China GB13736-2008
Commonly known as: Preservatives
ChI = 1/C6H8O2.K/c1-2-3-4-5-6 (7) 8 ;/ h2-5H, 1H3, (H, 7,8) ;/ q; +1 / p-1/b3 -2 +,5 -4 + ;
2 production methods
1 and mainly uses the method. Sorbic acid as raw materials, potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate for neutralization reaction.
2 sorbic acid was added to the reaction kettle , sorbic acid was then added to 66% by mass of water, was added dropwise a solution of 49% potassium hydroxide at 45 ℃, Ph = 8 until the reaction solution until the reaction is about 45min. Adding a certain amount of carbon, vacuum filtration , at 40 ~ 45 ℃ and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure reaches 3 ~ 4h after heating to 70 ℃ discharge requirements . By centrifugal dehydration crystallization liquor recovery ; finally dried to obtain the product under 105 ℃. [ 1 ]
3 Uses
The main use
Preservatives for food preservatives are acidic reaction with organic acids using antiseptic effect increased . Potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide and sorbic acid as raw materials. [ 2 ]
Sorbic acid ( potassium ) can effectively inhibit mold , yeast and the activity of aerobic bacteria , so as to effectively extend the storage time of the food and keep the original flavor of the food .
We buy the packaging ( or canned ) food , the ingredients often see one of the words ” sorbic acid ” or ” potassium sorbate ” , people often mistakenly thought to be components of the fruit , ” pear” is . In fact, they are commonly used in food additives ! Whether they have no harm to human body , plain consumption is indeed necessary , the following is the relevant information about the sorbic acid , potassium sorbate for reference only:
Sorbic acid ( chemical name : 2,4 – sorbic acid Formula : C6H8O2 ]
Potassium sorbate ( chemical name : 2,4 – potassium sorbate ] Formula : C6H7KO2)
Sorbic acid, potassium sorbate properties, uses similar : Sorbic acid is recommended by the FAO and WHO efficient and safe preservative widely used in food , beverages, tobacco , pesticides, cosmetics and other industries , as the unsaturated acid, also can be used in resins, spices and rubber industry.
4 Nature
Physical Properties
Potassium sorbate is a white to pale yellow crystalline flake , crystalline granule or crystalline powder , odorless or slight odor, hygroscopic long-term exposure to air, oxidation and decomposition and discoloration. Soluble in water , potassium sorbate , 67.6g/100ml (20 ℃); 5% brine , 47.5g/100ml ( room temperature ) ; 25% sugar , 51g/100ml ( room temperature ) . Dissolved in propylene glycol , 5.8g/100ml; ethanol , 0.3g/100ml. 1% aqueous solution of potassium sorbate PH7 ~ 8.
Spectral characteristics
Using FLS 920 fluorescence spectrometer to study the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of potassium sorbate solution was found when moved from 320 nm excitation light red 500 nm, fluorescence has two peaks : 485 nm and 565 nm, the former strength significantly greater than the latter , the corresponding the excitation peak was 380 nm and 470 nm.
Fluorescence analysis of these two peaks is potassium sorbate molecule conjugated π bond and non-bonding electron stimulated transitions caused by n , in accordance with its peak at 485 nm the fluorescence intensity with the concentration of (0.05 ~ 12 g / L ) non-linear variation of the concentration of potassium sorbate can be detected . further to fresh apple juice , for example, based on fluorescence spectroscopy to study the feasibility of potassium sorbate was detected in fresh apple juice mass concentration . [ 3 ]
Chemical properties
Combustible , fire exhaust fumes containing potassium spicy . Has a strong inhibitory effect of spoilage bacteria and fungi , and because of the low toxicity than other preservatives , it has become the world ‘s leading preservatives. Under acidic conditions, corrosion can give full play the role of a neutral role when low.
Cosmetic preservatives. An organic acid preservatives. Average amount of 0.5 %. May be mixed with sorbic acid . Although potassium sorbate soluble in water, easy to use, but its pH 1% solution is 7-8 , so there is a tendency to increase the pH of cosmetics , should be taken when using .
Content analysis:
After taking pre- dried sample 0.25g 105 ℃ 3h after ( accurate to 0.1mg). Add 250ml flask with a glass stopper , add 36ml of glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride 4m1, warm make into a solution . Cooled to room temperature , add crystal violet test solution (TS-74) 2 drops of 0.1mol / L acetic acid solution through the blue-green endpoint titration to acid and to maintain 30s does not disappear. Meanwhile blank test , and make the necessary corrections. Each Ml0.1mol / L perchloric acid is equivalent potassium sorbate (C6H7KO2) 15.02mg.
Toxicity:
ADI 0 ~ 25mg/kg ( sorbic acid , sorbic acid and its salts including ; FAO / WHO, 2001).
LD504920mg/kg ( rat, oral ) .
GRAS (FDA, § 182.3640,2000).
Corrosion resistance
Sorbic acid ( potassium ) can effectively inhibit mold, yeast and aerobic bacteria activity , but also to prevent botulism , staphylococcus, salmonella and other harmful microbial growth and reproduction , but the anaerobic bacteria and acidophilus bacillus other beneficial microorganisms Lactobacillus almost ineffective , the effect of suppressing the development of more than sterilization , so as to effectively extend the storage time of the food and keep the original flavor of the food . Its antiseptic effect is 5-10 times that of similar products sodium benzoate .
Bacterial tolerance to differences
Gram -positive and Gram-negative bacteria Yin tolerance differences potassium sorbate preservative discussed. Foods common to Gram-positive bacteria ( Bacillus cereus , Staphylococcus aureus Yin and single Listeria Yin ) and Gram-negative Yin ( Salmonella , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Pseudomonas fluorescens ) for the study, for the pure culture status and simulation system for the study of food results showed that adding 1 g / L Yamanashi Gram-negative bacteria after Yin potassium can be reduced by nearly 102 ~ 103.5 CFU / mL, and Gram-positive bacteria only Yin reduced by nearly 10 CFU / mL,
Description potassium sorbate inhibition of Gram-negative Yin Yin effects than Gram-positive Yin higher than 2 times. Minimum inhibitory concentration inoculation experiments and instant kelp simulation results coincide with the results of the growth curve , showing Gram Yin positive tolerance potassium sorbate stronger than Gram-negative Yin . [ 4 ]
Security
Since sorbic acid ( potassium ) is an unsaturated fatty acid ( salt ) which can be absorbed by the body’s metabolic system rapidly decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, and no residue in the body .
ADI 0-25mg/kg ( sorbic acid , FAO / WHO 1994)
LD50 4920mg/kg ( rat, oral )
GRAS (FDA, 182.3640 1994)
Toxic salt only 1/2 of the sodium benzoate is 1/40
Stability
Sorbic acid ( potassium ) in a sealed condition stable , exposed and easy to absorb water, moist air oxidation and discoloration. Potassium sorbate better thermal stability , decomposition temperatures up to 270 ℃.
5 toxicological evaluation
Potassium sorbate toxicity studies to evaluate its safety. Methods according to GB15193.1-21 ” food safety toxicology evaluation procedures ” approach to toxic levels of potassium sorbate , genotoxicity and other safety evaluation results potassium sorbate acute toxicity in mice LD50 = 1 300 mg / kg, a low toxicity level ;
By bone marrow micronucleus test, mouse sperm abnormality test , teratogenicity test, potassium sorbate found no genetic toxicity ; 30d feeding trials on animal weight , routine blood and serum ALT, BUN, GLU, TC, TG were not significantly 0.05).结论山梨酸钾是一种安全、相对无毒的食品添加剂,可用于各类食品及饮料中.[5] “>toxic effects (P> 0.05). conclusions potassium sorbate is a safe , relatively non-toxic food additives, can be used for various types of food and beverages. [ 5 ]
6 Use
Range
Nowadays has been widely used in food , beverages, pickles , tobacco , pharmaceuticals , cosmetics , agricultural products, pet poultry feed and other industries, the development trend , and their use is still expanding.
Sorbic acid ( potassium ) is acidic preservatives in the near neutral (PH6.0-6.5) still has a good food preservative , and benzoate ( sodium ) preservative effect PH <4 , the effect is obvious decreased, and a bad smell .
The amount
( 1 ) meat, fish, eggs, poultry products 0.075g/kg
( 2 ) fruit, fresh vegetables , carbonated beverages 0.2g/kg
( 3 ) collagen casings, low-salt pickles, soy category , preserves, fruit juice ( flavored ) drinks , jelly 0.5g/kg
( 4 ) the food industry plastic drums of fruit juice concentrate 2.0g/kg
( 5 ) soy sauce, vinegar , jam , hydrogenated vegetable oil, candy, dried fish products, ready to eat soy foods, pastries, stuffing , bread, cake, moon cake , instant jellyfish , lactic acid bacteria drinks 1.0g/kg
( 6 ) juice ( fruit ) ice , milk drinks 0.5g/kg
( 7 ) Pre- bartender 0.2g/kg
( 8 ) Meat sausage 1.5g/kg
( 9 ) composite seasonings, flavored syrups , liquid compound seasonings, instant shoots 1.0g/kg
Use
When you use can be added directly , spraying, dipping, powder spray on the packaging material handling and other means.
Potassium sorbate and bases, oxidizing and reducing agents are incompatible . When faced with non-ionic surfactants and plastic sorbic acid antimicrobial activity will be reduced. Heavy metal salt capable of catalyzing the oxidation reaction . Sorbic acid can react with the sulfur-containing amino acids , this reaction may be added Vitamin C, propyl gallate or butyl hydroxy toluene suppressed.
When the solution is kept in a glass container on the pH is very sensitive. Therefore, the use of potassium sorbate as a preservative in the formulation to be stored for a long amount of time after the detection of microorganisms .
If sorbic acid solution stored in polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene containers without added antioxidants , sorbic acid will quickly degrade .
Determination of benzoic acid and potassium sorbate editor of 7
HPCE
A capillary electrophoresis – . Miconazole nitrate cream , pediatric cough syrup Fufangkushen salicylic acid and benzoic acid and potassium sorbate bulk method for determination of UV detection at 230 nm wavelength sentenced to focus gallic acid as internal standard separation voltage of 20 kV, separation temperature is 25 ℃, with 20 mmol / L borate buffer (pH 9.2) for capillary electrophoresis running buffer , measured components and rapid separation of the internal standard .
Injection benzoate and potassium sorbate concentration in 1 ~ 400 mg / L range and electrophoretic peak area was linear correlation coefficient r are 0.9999 , the detection limits were 0.15 mg / L. The method can be used to Determination of sorbic acid and potassium content of the drug . [ 6 ]
Absorption Spectroscopy
The use of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate UV absorption spectra characteristic of the orthogonal experiment design , combined with partial least squares variable selection method to obtain a small number of variables , the correlation coefficient , good prediction accuracy can simultaneously sodium benzoate and sorbate potassium concentration of the model forecasts and used in beverages, sweets, pastries and wine samples palette of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate detection .
Samples parallel measurements of relative standard deviations were less than 10 % and the recovery was 82% and 107% , sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate detection range was 0.1 ~ 16.0 mg · L-1 and 0.1 ~ 6.0 mg · L-1, the detection limits were 0.05 mg · L-1 and 0.01 mg · L-1. [ 7 ]
8 difference
Sorbic categories:
Sorbic acid class of sorbic acid, potassium sorbate and calcium sorbate categories varieties. Sorbic acid is insoluble in water , but when used it must first be dissolved in ethanol or potassium hydrogen sulfate , the use of inconvenient and irritating , it is generally not used ; calcium sorbate FAO / WHO its small predetermined range , it is infrequently used ; potassium sorbate is not their shortcomings , soluble in water , using a wide range , we can often see its shadow in some drinks, preserved fruit , canned food ; here I focus on what potassium sorbate : it is an unsaturated six carbonate ; potassium sorbate sold on the general market is white or light yellow granules , the content of 98% – 102% ; no odor, or a slight odor, easy to absorb moisture , easily oxidized and becomes brown , optical, thermal stability , the relative density of 1.363 , a melting point of decomposition at 270 ℃, the PH 1% solution of 7-8 . Acid preservative potassium sorbate , having high antibacterial properties inhibiting fungal growth and reproduction ; mainly through its inhibition of microorganisms dehydrogenase system from corrosion , and to achieve the effect of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms , bacteria, fungi , yeasts are inhibited ; their effect diminished with the rise of pH , PH reaches 3:00 antibacterial peaked , PH reaches 6:00 still antibacterial ability, but the lowest concentration (MIC) does not end at 0.2% , experiment Reference PH: impregnating a solution of potassium sorbate PH2.4 than 3.2 , the preservation of food products without sterilizing treatment 2-4 times shorter .
Sorbic acid, potassium sorbate and calcium sorbate three of them the same mechanism of action , toxicity than benzoic acid and parabens to be small , daily allowable amount of 25mg/Kg, benzoic acid 5 times , paraben 2.5 X is a relatively safe food preservative ; in our country can be used for soy sauce, vinegar, sauce category, jam-like , pickles , canned foods , etc. , and some liquor .
Potassium sorbate CAS No:. 590-00-1 Sorbic CAS No :110-44-1
HS No: 2916190090
Although the state of children’s food and beverage requirements can not use sodium benzoate, sorbic acid or potassium sorbate only use . But nowadays our food safety consciousness, some manufacturers in order to save costs , the use of toxic sodium benzoate , and hope for themselves and their family’s health , in the purchase of various types of food and beverage ingredients contained attention , not the effect , this is not toxic we will immediately lethal , or immediately appear larger disease, but it is a risk for our body gives us a great possibility of contracting cancer and other diseases .
Potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate :
Posing with potassium carbonate , potassium sorbate , one does not have the preservative potassium carbonate , potassium sorbate should not achieve the inhibitory effect, because , from the inhibitory effect is sorbate instead of potassium ions. This shoddy products into the market , it will harm the interests of dealers , users and consumers. Second, the product will change , affecting sensory indicators . According to regulations, the normal appearance of white potassium sorbate . The incorporation of potassium carbonate , potassium sorbate products , after storage for about three months , it will change color reaction , from white to yellow or brown , affecting sales.
Posing potassium benzoate , potassium sorbate, potassium benzoate preservative although the effect on the human body , but there are certain side effects, and potassium sorbate is recognized worldwide as safe food additives in the food production process, in order to substitute potassium sorbate benzoic acid and sodium benzoate , potassium , help to improve food safety , compliance with health spending trends.
Mixed with potassium carbonate , potassium sorbate products , after storage for 3 months , the color will turn yellow or brown. Some unscrupulous companies , he added chemicals brighteners in inferior products in order to increase the whiteness of the product, to cover up the yellow produced after deterioration . According to health experts, these chemicals harmful to human health brighteners serious harm.
Some small businesses produced shoddy potassium sorbate, when just left the workshop , the color is still white. Quality second lowest potassium sorbate will change occurs, the preservative effect is poor, the price of ultra-low potassium sorbate , is certainly not good quality.
According to insiders , product standards imperfect , is a fundamental reason for shoddy potassium sorbate flooding the market . China’s current national standard potassium sorbate is in reference to the United States on the basis of FCC standards enacted . In our national standard and among the American FCC standards for purity potassium sorbate (content ) are judged by the ” content of potassium ions ” to measure .
Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate are the raw materials, produced through chemical reaction in which potassium sorbate and sorbic acid and potassium ions into . Because of potassium carbonate and potassium benzoate lower prices than sorbic acid, and potassium carbonate in the product illegal .
Poor management and shoddy potassium sorbate is also a reason to exist. Nowadays, health monitoring , quality supervision departments of the quality of food additives can be regulated.
Since potassium and can not play the role of corrosion , while the real root of sorbic acid inhibitory factor , so to deal with the current national standard potassium sorbate to modify and improve the criteria of purity potassium sorbate indicators to ” Yamanashi acid radical content ” ( formerly the potassium ion content ) . Such modification standard, to identify the product from the product end of true and false , can those ” sorbate content is not up to standard” products judged as inferior products , so that the ” mixed with potassium carbonate or potassium benzoate products ” can not enter the market.
Potassium sorbate, sorbic acid and potassium carbonate as the raw material is produced, due to the production technology is simple, one-step reaction , to complete critical processes, so many small business owners , just a little study , you can master this technology , which is a small manufacturing enterprises increasing potassium sorbate is an important cause. Since many small businesses produce poor facilities , mostly only a few houses , a reactor, a mixer, a few hand- sealing machine and other facilities , the lack of purification device , produced by hand , so its low production costs, but the product physical and chemical quality and health quality is often unstable.
9 Other Information
Research status at home and abroad about the product , production and application in the preparation conditions
Sorbic acid and its salts in developed countries attach great importance to the development and production , the United States , Western Europe, Japan, is a food preservative produce more concentrated in countries and regions . ① Eastntan production company is the only U.S. manufacturer of sorbic acid and its salts , after the 1991 purchase of Monsanto Company sorbic acid production plant. Production capacity of 5,000 tons / year , accounting for 55 % to 60 % of the U.S. market ; ② Hoehst Germany and Western Europe, the company is the only manufacturer producing sorbic acid , sorbic acid, the world’s largest salt production plant. Its installed capacity of 7,000 tons / year, accounting for world production of 1/4; ③ Japan is the world’s largest producer of preservatives , production reached 10,000 to 14,000 tons / year, about 45 % of world production of potassium sorbate ~ 50% mainly from Japan contest Luo , synthetic chemicals , pharmaceutical Chisso and Ueno and three other companies , which in turn is an annual plant capacity 5000,2800,2400,2400 tons.
Nowadays, domestic sales of sorbates is not only strong, but have been sold abroad , especially in Western Europe , Brazil, Saudi Arabia, France, South Korea and Southeast Asian countries . So sorbates not only in the domestic market is better, but also in the international market place .
