Electrolysis
By bromine synthetic potassium bromide and potassium hydroxide dissolved in distilled water dubbed electrolyte, electrolytic 24H after the first batch of crude, after every take time 12H crude, crude washed with distilled water to remove the potassium bromide solution, add a small amount potassium adjust PH value of 8, the insulation 0.5H filtered and the clear filtrate was cooled to room temperature in the mold, crystallization, separation, and drying to obtain the product potassium bromate.
Chlorine oxidation
After lime and chlorine bromine chlorine reaction leads to the oxidation reaction to PH value reaches 6-7 reaction terminated. After the slag, and the filtrate was evaporated. Barium chloride solution was added to precipitate barium bromate reaction, the precipitate was filtered after adding an aqueous suspension of potassium carbonate was added to maintain a constant temperature for the metathesis reaction, the crude potassium bromide after repeated washing with a small amount of distilled water was filtered and evaporated to cooling crystallization, separation, drying, crushed to obtain edible products of potassium bromate.
Bromide – potassium hydroxide method
With bromine and potassium hydroxide as the industrial raw material, with 1.4 times the mass of water to prepare a solution of potassium hydroxide was dissolved, stirring constantly pass into bromine. When bromine be added to a certain number, that is a white crystalline precipitate to obtain crude potassium bromate.
Continue adding bromine, until the liquid is pink so far. In bromine, while constantly adding cold water to the solution, in order to prevent overheating caused by bromine volatilization losses. Repeated recrystallization, filtration, drying, and then dissolved in deionized water, and add a small amount of potassium hydroxide to remove excess bromine synthesis, recrystallization once, finally remove the crystallization, drying derived products.
Category Archives: Fertiliser/fertilizer
Oxalic acid specific uses
Complexing agents, sequestering agents, precipitating agents, reducing agents. Analysis for the test and the measurement of beryllium, calcium, chromium, gold, manganese, strontium, thorium and other metal ions. Microscopic analysis of test microcrystalline sodium and other elements. Precipitation of calcium, magnesium, thorium and rare earth elements. Calibration standard solution of potassium permanganate and cerium sulfate solution. Bleach. Help agent. Also be used to remove rust in the construction industry on the clothes before brushing the wall paint, because the walls should be painted a strong alkaline oxalate addition of alkali.
Pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, streptomycin, borneol, vitamin B12, phenobarbital and other drugs. Printing and dyeing industry as chromogenic help agent, bleach, pharmaceutical intermediates. Plastics industry for the production of polyvinyl chloride, amino plastics, urea-formaldehyde plastics. [2]
The catalyst used for the synthesis of phenolic resin, mild catalytic reaction, the process is relatively stable, the longest duration. Oxalic acid in acetone solution which catalyze the curing reaction of the epoxy resin, to reduce the curing time. Also used as a urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin pH adjusting agent. Also added a water-soluble polyvinyl formal adhesives in improving drying speed and bonding strength. Urea-formaldehyde resins are also used as a curing agent, a metal ion chelator. Starch can be used as an oxidizing agent KMnO4 adhesive accelerator to accelerate the rate of oxidation and shorten the reaction time.
As a bleaching agent
Oxalic acid is mainly used as a reducing agent and bleach for the production of drugs such as antibiotics and borneol and refining rare metals solvents, dye reducing agent, tanning agent.
Oxalic acid is also used cobalt – molybdenum – washing and bleaching of textiles production of aluminum catalyst, metal and marble.
For metal surface cleaning and treatment, extraction of rare earth elements, textile, leather processing, preparation of catalysts.
As a reductant
In organic synthesis industry is mainly used in the production of hydroquinone, pentaerythritol, cobalt oxalate, nickel oxalate, gallic acid and other chemical products.
Plastics industry for the production of polyvinyl chloride, amino plastics, urea-formaldehyde plastics, paint and other films.
Industrial base for the manufacture of dyes, such as light green.
Dyeing industry can replace acetic acid, used as a pigment dye color help agent, bleach.
Pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, streptomycin, ephedrine.
In addition, oxalic acid can be used for the synthesis of various oxalate, oxalate and oxamide and other products, and to diethyl oxalate and sodium oxalate, calcium oxalate, such as the largest output.
As mordant
Oxalic acid can be used for antimony mordant, ferric ammonium oxalate is printed blueprint Pharmacy.
Descaling function
Oxalic acid is used to rust. However, be careful when using oxalic acid has a strong corrosive stainless steel. High concentration of oxalic acid is also susceptible to corrosion hand. And the resulting large solubility of the acid oxalate, but has some toxicity. When using, do not eat or drink on the line. After contact with skin oxalic acid, should be promptly cleaned with water.
Method
Chemical agents to sell the store to buy a bottle of acid, take some paired with warm water solution, wipe the paint on rust stains. Then rub with metallographic sandpaper, and finally spray paint. General store selling oxalic acid also sell some medical equipment, glassware.
Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP)
Name: potassium pyrophosphate
Formula: K4P2O7
Molecular Weight: 330.34
CAS No. :7320 -34-5
EINECS :230-785-7
HS CODE: 28353990
Grade: Food Grade / Industrial / plating grade
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, potassium has excellent complexing ability, hard water and Ca2 +, Mg2 + to form stable complexes thereby soften hard water, improving the ability to wash, to remove dirt. Also in iron, lead, zinc and other metal surface to form a protective film to prevent iron, lead, zinc and other metal surfaces from corrosion. Pyrophosphate ions (P2O74-) with the very finely divided solid dispersing ability to promote the fine, homogeneous mixing of trace substances. A stable pH buffer capacity, long-term keeping the pH of the solution.
Applications and uses of introduction
Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate plating level for non-cyanide plating, a plating of complexing agent, is also used for surface treatment, i.e., as a pretreatment agent for plating and pyrophosphate plating solution.
Four industrial grade potassium pyrophosphate is widely used in paints, cleaning supplies, boiler off dirt, oil drilling, textile auxiliaries and other areas in the industry as a high-grade detergents, cleaning agents, dispersing agents, buffers, etc., is lining formulated detergent ingredients, and the metal surface cleaner detergent bottle components, additives, various cleaning agents, dispersing agents and buffers as the clay ceramic industry dispersants, pigments and dyes, the dyeing industry for a small amount of water removed ferric ions to improve the quality of dyeing.
Food additive Food Grade tetrapotassium pyrophosphate for food processing, emulsifiers, texture improving agents, chelating agents, quality-improving agent, in the food industry as emulsifiers, chelating agents, alkaline agents pasta with raw materials; prevent discoloration of canned fruit; improve the degree of swelling of ice cream and ham, sausage yield; enhance fish water holding capacity, improve the taste of pasta, increase yield and prevent aging cheese.
Non-cyanide plating as complexing agent
1 of Cu2 +, Sn2 +, Ag +, Zn2 +, Ni2 +, Cr3 +, Ca2 +, Mg2 + and other multivalent cations with excellent complexing ability;
2, the 100ml1% of THF was added dropwise 2.5 (ml) min1% silver nitrate solution, and the resulting white precipitate was quickly clear solution is complexed.
3 bath with excellent polarization capability, current spreading ability, preparation of the bath can be directly without going through an electrolytic plating process, while Plating fast, uniform coating, the crystal structure of the rules, fine, dense non-porous, plating liquid stable, strong anti-interference ability and simple maintenance.
4, the finely divided solid material has a strong ability to disperse;
5, a stable pH buffer capacity.
Determination of complexing capacity
Weighing 1.000g potassium pyrophosphate dissolved in distilled water diluted to 100ml, form 1% solution 100ml, 100ml solution was added dropwise to a 1% silver nitrate solution and stirred to produce a white precipitate can be completely complexed ended, the recording amount of a solution of 1% silver nitrate solution (ml) complexing capacity index is potassium pyrophosphate.
STPP effect
Sodium tripolyphosphate is indispensable excellent detergent additives, the majority of the detergent in an amount of 10 to 50%. Its main role can be summarized as the following.
① chelation of metal ions: daily wash water, usually caused by hard-containing metal ions (mainly Ca2 +, Mg2 +). In the washing process, they form insoluble salts with the soap or detergent active, so that not only the increase in the consumption of detergent and fabric make an unpleasant washed dark gray. Sodium tripolyphosphate having a metal ion chelate of hardness excellent performance, which can eliminate the adverse effects of these metal ions.
② improve peptization, emulsification and dispersion effects: dirt often contain human secretions (mainly protein and fatty substances), also contains from outside sand, dust, etc. The protein with sodium tripolyphosphate swelling, solubilization and play peptization effect; fatty substances may play a role in promoting emulsification; dispersed solid particles suspended role there.
③ buffer: sodium tripolyphosphate having a large alkaline buffer, pH value of the washing solution was kept at about 9.4, thereby facilitating the removal of acidic soils.
④ prevent caking effect: hygroscopic powder synthetic detergent, such as moisture stored in larger places, would occur agglomeration. When caked detergent is very inconvenient to use. After the sodium tripolyphosphate hexahydrate absorbent formed with dry properties. When there are a lot of detergent formulations STPP when you can play to prevent caking phenomenon caused due to moisture absorption, keep dry granular synthetic detergent.
Trisodium Applications
1 as quality improver, improve food complexing metal ions, pH, ionic strength increased role, thereby improving food and water holding capacity knot efforts. Chinese regulations can be used for cheese, maximum use of 5g/kg; in ham, meat, fish, shrimp and crab in the maximum usage is 3.0g/kg; Maximum amount of canned food, fruit juice, soft drinks and dairy products to 0.5g / kg. [1]
2, is used in the chemical, textile, printing and dyeing, paper, power generation and other industries in soft water and detergent, boiler scale inhibitor, paper dyed in soft water, pH buffering agents produce glossy paper with adhesive, when printing fixing agent, mercerized fabric enhancer-line anti-brittle agent. Metallurgical industry as a chemical degreasing, decontamination, used as a photographic developing solution excellent accelerator. Bottle tooth cleaners and detergents. Rubber latex coagulant. Juice purification agent. Phosphate from quality improvement role in food processing, for example, keep the water holding capacity of meat, such as efforts to enhance the role of the junction in order to reduce the loss of nutrients in meat and meat tenderizer preservation of the meat products. In food processing is also used as an emulsifier, nutritional supplements, quality improver. Food preparation surface is alkaline materials, also used in the manufacture of refined sugar and α-starch. Also used as a food bottles, cans and other detergents. [3]
3, solid trisodium phosphate (TSP) are weak alkali salts, with a strong alkaline and high solubility, chemically stable, long-term preservation, the containment spray system (EAS) spray water added TSP substitute NaOH, able to adjust the pH of the spray solution, effectively removing the release of cooling water to leak from the containment iodine gas to avoid alkali injury to staff, easy to clean up after the accident.
Glyphosate use
Is a non-selective, non-residual Herbicide for weed roots is very effective for many years, is widely used in rubber, mulberry, tea, fruit orchards and sugar cane.
Toxicity
Low toxicity of glyphosate herbicide, original powder acute oral LD50 of 4300 mg / kg, rabbit acute dermal LD50> 5000 mg / kg. Rabbit eyes and skin with mild stimulating effect on guinea pig skin allergies and irritation. Glyphosate is not accumulated in the animal body. Under the experimental conditions of the animals no teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Fish and aquatic toxicity is low; non-toxic to bees and birds; against predators and beneficial organisms safer. Pure white solid solubility in water is 1.2% (25 degrees Celsius). Low toxicity to humans and animals. The acute oral LD50 in rats is 4320 mg / kg, rabbit percutaneous LD50> 7940 mg / kg. Low toxicity to fish. In the case of human ingestion of glyphosate usually within 15 minutes after oral administration might produce vomiting and throat pain phenomenon, then another may produce abdominal pain and diarrhea. Symptoms usually dose more than 100 ml obvious. Emetic poisoning can come through detoxification, but only to relieve symptoms by lifting a variety of conditions.
History: The herbicidal properties of glyphosate in 1971 by the American DD Baird discovered, developed and produced by the Monsanto Company, to the 1980s, has become an important species in the world herbicides. Poor water solubility of glyphosate, is difficult to directly use, because the initial development of technology is limited, do not come directly glyphosate can make pesticide products dissolved in water, then you want to be formulated as isopropylamine salt of glyphosate processed, potassium salts of glyphosate salt or sodium salt is dissolved in water before use, in order to make herbicides in agriculture and forestry can be used. In 1997, Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Nantong Flying development made glyphosate products directly dissolved in water, the successful invention of the “mixed direct dissolution method”, using the company’s independent development of plant-derived additives (SD, SDP) and glyphosate phosphine physically mixing the original drug as a powder, granules, can be dissolved in water.
According to Global Research news, new scientific studies have confirmed that Monsanto (MON) of Roundup product is toxic, threatening human and animal body. Recent studies in the U.S. and the German side pointed out that glyphosate has significant toxicity, reflected in: so the Mavericks aging skeletal abnormalities, affecting the normal intestinal probiotics pigs and cattle but no harmful effects on human and animal intestinal botulism resulting colonies poisoning (reference paper Glyphosate linked to botulism and other animal health problems), so that the pig stomach deformity, abnormal increase of pig uterus, causing miscarriage rate was significantly improved livestock and so on. Domestic studies suggest that, in 2006, after domestic unusually frequent unexplained “swine fever” is likely to be genetically modified maize and the use of genetically modified corn produced in the feed contains a lot of glyphosate herbicide caused. Studies have pointed out that glyphosate itself is carcinogenic, harmful, so the EU glyphosate residues in drinking water, there are strict regulations. According to a study at the University of Leipzig, Germany, conducted in December 2011, in a test batch of urine samples by the Berlin urban residents, all samples were found residues of glyphosate residue levels higher than the standard water within the EU food out 5-20 times proves glyphosate in the human food chain constantly residue accumulation. So there are currently recommended to completely disable glyphosate. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA also preparing an announcement to plans decide whether to continue to use this product, or use restrictions to take part in 2015, and currently it is the Canadian authorities to cooperate intends to evaluate the safety and effectiveness. EPA also pointed out in a written statement, will this harm to conduct a comprehensive re-evaluation of herbicides, including the impact on humans and the environment.
Resistant to glyphosate (Glyphosate) transgenic plants is due to the transfer of the screening culture medium containing glyphosate glyphosate-resistant EPSP synthase (5 – enolpyruvylshikimate 3 – phosphate synthase) of E. coli gene, the enzyme is an important amino acid metabolic enzymes, and transgenic plants having a higher concentration of the enzyme can tolerate a higher concentration of glyphosate.
In the United States, glyphosate abuse has produced a considerable number of “super weeds”, until now, appeared in the United States a total of 130 kinds of glyphosate-resistant harm grass, in more than 40 states have appeared in their shadow, than any one countries, experts estimate that harm the grass up to the invasion of the area 11 million acres (about 4.5 million hectares), a serious threat to the U.S. agricultural output. January 2011, the famous plant pathologist in a letter to the Ministry of Agriculture Secretariat letter warned that some of the tests show that the use of glyphosate and some, such as pigs, cattle and other livestock spontaneous abortions and infertility phenomenon. In 2010, Argentine scientists conducting the study also pointed out that the results that glyphosate causes malformations frog and chick embryos. Some other researchers from the private and official also found that this product will damage native creatures, plants, and part of the animal. 2008 environmental organizations – the Center for Biological Diversity will hurt California red-legged frog glyphosate regarding litigation, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA subsequently admitted that “this product is likely to have an adverse impact on these frogs.” There are a number of organizations to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA also issued a number of toxicity data, including teratogenicity and other evidence in order to disable this product worldwide.
The impact on the human body
Glyphosate usually within 15 minutes after oral administration might produce vomiting and throat pain phenomenon, then another may produce abdominal pain and diarrhea. Symptoms usually dose more than 100 ml obvious. Emetic poisoning can come through detoxification, but only to relieve symptoms by lifting a variety of conditions.
Note: glyphosate (in transgenic soybeans and other products have residual) and hexane (present in chemical leaching into the legal system of refined vegetable oils) may be associated with congenital heart disease and other congenital malformation.
Formulations
30% 46% water, 30%, 50% and 65%, 70% soluble powder. 74.7%, 88.8% glyphosate soluble granules and 98%, 95% glyphosate.
Crop object
Tea – annual weeds and perennial weed
Tea – annual weeds, perennial weed, weed
Spring corn – inter-row weed, weed
Spring corn field – between the lines weeds, annual and perennial weeds
Preserved vegetable oil – annual weeds, perennial weeds, weeds
Fire Barrier, Forest Fire Road – perennial weeds, weeds, miscellaneous irrigation
Non-cultivated land – perennial weeds, weeds between the lines, annual weeds, weeds
Cane – annual weeds and perennial weed, weed
Sugar cane fields – inter-row weed, annual and perennial weeds
Citrus – annual and perennial weeds, weeds
Citrus trees, apple trees – Weed
Citrus groves, apple orchards – perennial weeds, inter-row weed, annual weeds, weeds
Road, rail – between the lines weeds, annual and perennial weeds, weeds
Orchard – inter-row weed, annual weeds, perennial weed, weed
Sisal – weeds, annual weeds, perennial weed
Legendary – inter-row weed, weeds, annual weeds, perennial weed
Cotton – inter-row weed, weed
Cotton fields – annual and perennial weeds
Rubber plantation, Mulberry – inter-row weed, weeds, annual weeds, perennial weed
5 Purpose and usage
The original drug use: can be used for processing into 10% glyphosate, Glyphosate IPA 41%, 62% Glyphosate IPA.
Preparation purposes:
Uptake and broad-spectrum Herbicide. The main body of alcohol inhibit plant shikimene acetone-based phosphate synthase, thereby inhibiting the conversion shikimene to phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, the protein synthesis is disturbed, leading to plant death.
Originally used in rubber plantations controlling thatch and other weeds, make tapping rubber trees a year earlier, the old rubber tree production. Now gradually extended in forestry, orchards, mulberry, tea, rice and wheat, rice and rapeseed rotation etc.. Various weeds different sensitivity to glyphosate, which is different dosage. Such as barnyardgrass, green foxtail, foxtail, goosegrass, crabgrass, cleavers and other annual weeds, the dosage of the active ingredient is counted as 6 ~ 10.5 g/100m. On Plantago, small canadensis, etc. Dayflower dosage as an active ingredient for the 11.4 ~ 15g/100m. On Imperata, bony grass, reeds, etc. need 18 ~ 30g/100m, generally water 3 ~ 4.5kg, directed spray evenly on weed stems.
Usage:
Controlling apple orchard, Taoyuan, vineyards, pear, tea, mulberry and farmland fallow weed, barnyard weed, foxtail, goosegrass, crabgrass, cocklebur, pigweed, chickweed, cleavers and other annuals weeds.
Soda Ash Use
Sodium carbonate is an important chemical raw material, widely used in light industry and chemical, building materials, chemical industry, food industry, metallurgy, textile, oil, defense, medicine, raw materials for the manufacture of other chemicals, cleaning agents, detergents, but also for the field of photography and analysis. Followed by metallurgy, textile, oil, defense, pharmaceutical and other industries. Soda glass industry is the largest consumer sector, 0.2 tons of soda consumed per ton of glass.
In the soda ash industry, mainly light industry, building materials, chemical industry, accounting for about 2/3: followed by metallurgy, textile, oil, defense, pharmaceutical and other industries. Glass industry is the largest consumer of soda intake department, soda consumed per ton of glass 0.2t. Flux for smelting metallurgical industry, mineral flotation agent, steel and antimony used as a desulfurization agent. Dyeing industry as a water softener. Degreasing leather tanning industry for raw materials, and in chrome tanning and chrome tanning improved caustic degrees. Also for the production of synthetic detergents and other additives, sodium tripolyphosphate salt.
Flux for smelting metallurgical industry, mineral flotation agent, steel and antimony used as a desulfurization agent. ③ dyeing industry as a water softener. Degreasing leather tanning industry for raw materials, and in chrome tanning and chrome tanning improved caustic degrees. ④ synthetic detergent additives used in the production of sodium tripolyphosphate and other sodium salts. Soda ash is used to produce food grade monosodium glutamate, pasta and so on.
Most used in industry, a small portion of the civilian. In the soda ash industry, mainly light industry, building materials, chemical industry, accounting for about 2/3: followed by metallurgy, textile, oil, defense, pharmaceutical and other industries. Glass industry is the largest consumer of soda intake department, soda consumed per ton of glass 0.2t. The chemical industry for manufacturing sodium silicate, sodium dichromate, sodium nitrate, sodium fluoride, baking soda, borax, trisodium phosphate, etc. Flux for smelting metallurgical industry, mineral flotation agent, steel and antimony used as a desulfurization agent.
Mainly used for float glass, CRT glass, optical glass. Can also be used in other sectors of chemical, metallurgy and so on. You can reduce the use of heavy soda ash alkali dust flying, reduce material consumption, improve working conditions, but also to improve product quality, while reducing erosion of the refractory base powder to extend the life of the furnace.
As buffers, neutralizers and dough improvers, can be used for pastries and pastas, according to production needs to be used in moderation.
Basic chemical raw material, widely used in medicine, papermaking, metallurgy, glass, textile and dye industries.
As for wool washing detergent, bath salts and pharmaceutical use, tanning alkali agent.
For the food industry, as a neutralizing agent, leavening agents, such as the manufacture of amino acids, soy foods such as bread and pasta, bread and so on. Also dubbed lye added pasta, increase flexibility and scalability.
TV special reagents
Widely used in glass, chemicals, paper making, metallurgy, pharmaceutical, textile and food industries
Reagents for the analysis, but also for the pharmaceutical industry and photoengraving
Anhydrous sodium carbonate for chemical and electrochemical degreasing rust, copper plating, etching aluminum electrolytic polishing, aluminum and alloys, aluminum oxide chemical, phosphating closed between processes, electrolytic chromium stripping chrome plating and stripping the oxide film, is also used for pre-copper plating, steel, steel alloy plating electrolyte
One of the important basic chemical raw materials, widely used, glass, soaps, detergents, textiles, leather, spices, dyes, medicines, etc.
Acid in the calibration reference quantitative analysis. Determination of aluminum, sulfur, copper, lead and zinc. Urine and blood glucose testing. Analysis of silica cement cosolvent. Metal microstructure analysis
Antacid, osmotic laxatives.
Consumption
Building materials, glass industry is the largest consumer of soda ash sector, 0.2 tons of soda consumed per ton of glass.
Chemical industry, for manufacturing sodium silicate, sodium dichromate, sodium nitrate, sodium fluoride, baking soda, borax, trisodium phosphate, etc.
Metallurgical industry, for smelting flux, mineral flotation agent, steel and antimony used as a desulfurization agent
Printing and dyeing industry, as a water softener.
Tanning industry, skim for raw hides, middle and chrome-tanned leather and chrome tanning improved caustic degrees.
Terms of days, for the production of synthetic detergents and other additives, sodium tripolyphosphate salt.
Food industry, food grade soda ash used to produce monosodium glutamate, pasta and so on.
Furthermore, in the field of laboratory analysis, quantitative analysis of the reference calibration acid. Determination of aluminum, sulfur, copper, lead and zinc. Urine and blood glucose testing. Analysis of silica flux cement, metal microstructure analysis.
Consumption Structure
Substantially all sodium used in industry, a small portion of the civilian.
In industry, soda ash is mainly light industry, building materials, chemical industry, accounting for about 2/3; followed by metallurgy, textile, oil, defense, pharmaceutical and other industries, accounting for about 1/3.
Caustic soda main purpose
Highly versatile. Used in the manufacture of pulp, soap, dyes, artificial silk, aluminum, petroleum refining, cotton finishing, purified coal tar products, and food processing, wood processing and machinery industry and so on.
Chemistry experiment
In addition to the reagents used outside, because it has a strong absorbent and deliquescent, but also used as an alkaline desiccant. [3] can also be absorbed acid gases (such as oxygen in the combustion of sulfur in the experiment, sodium hydroxide solution to the absorption of toxic sulfur dioxide into the bottle.)
Industrial
Sodium hydroxide is widely applied in the national economy, many industrial sectors require sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide is the most used chemicals in the manufacturing sector, followed by paper, aluminum smelting, refining tungsten, rayon, rayon and soap manufacturing. Further, in the production of dyes, plastics, pharmaceutical and organic intermediates, reproducing the old rubber, metal sodium, water and inorganic salt electrolysis production, preparation of borax, chromium, manganese, phosphate, etc., but also the use of a lot of soda. [5]
Chemical Industry
This determines the characteristics of the product of sodium hydroxide in a number of chemical reactions are important and indispensable substances. Sodium hydroxide is the production of polycarbonate, a super absorbent polymer, zeolite, epoxy, sodium sulfite and a lot of important raw materials sodium.
Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acids by hydrolysis of oil; soft, saturated fatty acids are stearic acid, the hydrolysis of fats.
If potassium hydroxide hydrolysis of the resulting soap is soft.
Sodium chloride was added to the solution may reduce the solubility of the fatty acid salt and separating the fatty acid salts, a process called salting. Salts of higher fatty acid soap is the main component, the process can be obtained by the filler bar soaps.
Saponification
The main components of fats and vegetable oils are triglycerides, alkaline solution of its equations are:
R groups may be different, but the resulting R-COONa can make soap. R-common are:
C17H33-: 8 – heptadecenyl. R-COOH is oleic acid.
C15H31-: n-pentadecyl. Palmitic acid R-COOH.
C17H35-: n-heptadecyl. R-COOH is stearic acid.
Carbon dioxide gas absorption
Neutral, alkaline CO ₂ gas is mixed with the following reaction impurity
CO ₂ +2 NaOH = Na ₂ CO ₃ + H ₂ O
Papermaking
Sodium hydroxide plays an important role in the paper industry. Because of the basic characteristics, which is used for cooking and bleaching process of the sheet.
Food Industry
Sodium hydroxide can be widely used for the following production process: cleaning container; starch processing; preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose; glutamate manufacturing process.
Water
Sodium hydroxide is widely used in water treatment. In sewage treatment plants, water hardness can reduce the sodium hydroxide by neutralization. In the industrial field, the ion exchange resin is regenerated catalyst regeneration. Sodium hydroxide is highly alkaline and has a relatively high water solubility. As the liquid caustic soda, so easy to measure the amount is convenient to use in various fields of water treatment.
Sodium hydroxide is used in the treatment of the following subject areas: the elimination of water hardness; adjust pH of the water; wastewater neutralization; regeneration of ion exchange resin; elimination by precipitation of heavy metal ions in water.
Man-made fibers and textiles
In the textile industry, and the sodium hydroxide is used for final treatment of the dyed fiber. Main purpose: silk rayon treatment
Metallurgy
Sodium hydroxide is used for processing bauxite, the bauxite containing alumina, i.e. aluminum metal present in the alumina. Aluminum (the world’s second most used on the metal. Sodium hydroxide is also used in the production of zinc alloys and zinc ingots.
Cleaning Products
Sodium hydroxide has been used in traditional life purpose, until today, soap, soap and other types of detergent demand for caustic soda is still accounted for about 15% of caustic soda.
Soap: soap is the oldest and most caustic widely used in the manufacturing process of soap, caustic soda is used to neutralize acids.
Detergent: Sodium hydroxide is used in the production of various detergents or detergent are also now manufactured out of a multitude of caustic soda, caustic soda is used for the vulcanization reaction and excess fuming sulfuric acid for neutralization.
Aspects of life
In food production, processed food hydroxide is sometimes used.
Note: At this point the use of sodium hydroxide is strictly controlled; while some unscrupulous traders are excessive use of sodium hydroxide so that the food is more “nice”, but such food can cause disease.
Storage and transportation
Solid sodium hydroxide into the 0.5 mm thick steel drums strict closure, barrel weight does not exceed 100 kilograms; bags or two-story brown paper bag full open or in open drums; threaded glass Glass Lid pressure bottles, plastic bottles or metal (cans) outside the ordinary wooden box; threaded glass, plastic bottles or tinplate barrels (LP), full floor grille boxes, fibreboard or plywood box; tinplate barrels (cans), metal (cans), plastic bottles or corrugated metal hose outside. To complete packaging containers, seal, there is a clear “corrosive substance” signs. Railway transportation, steel drums available gondola transport. When complete packaging to shipment, loading should be safe. During transport to ensure that the container does not leak, did not fall, do not fall, no damage, moisture and rain. If found to occur containers corrosion, cracking, when the holes, melting Tangshui so on, should immediately replace the use of the packaging or early delivery, container repair damaged solder available. With no flammable or combustible materials, acids, food chemicals mixed mixed operation. Transport transport vehicles should be equipped with spill response equipment. Shall not flammable and acids during storage or shipment.
Soap choose reagent grade or industrial grade with sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is one of the most important do cold made soap raw material, sodium hydroxide is graded on a scale of. Can be roughly divided into: “Industrial” and “reagent grade” (chemically pure, analytical grade).
“Industrial” and “reagent grade” the biggest difference is that the purity of sodium hydroxide, “reagent grade” purity sodium than the “industrial grade” purity higher average “industrial-grade” purity of more than 98% or more low, “reagent grade” can reach more than 99%; reagent grade containing less as comparison does not affect other substances such as iron, magnesium, chlorine, aluminum, potassium, nitrogen, arsenic, sulfuric acid, sodium carbonate, and the use of such the result of a chemical reaction, while with more than the industrial materials.
When dissolved sodium hydroxide, “reagent grade” is also less likely to have a taste of the nose; Moreover, the higher the purity, the price will be relatively more expensive.
Major principle is that what level are possible, do not care about the cost of this point, on the selection of high-purity “reagent grade”, chemically pure, analytical grade can be, if you want to reduce costs on the selection of lower purity “industrial grade “when calculating the impure part of the conversion.
Typically laboratory reagent grade chemicals, high purity chemical pure, AR, high analytical grade purity. Choose a different chemical reagent grade depending on the experimental requirements, of course, the higher the level the higher the price.
Industrial grade is using the supply industry. But industrial necessarily bad, such as NaOH bulk materials in use, generally have a high purity, up to 99%. Most of the remaining impurities of less than 1% of the salt. Affect the rest of the trace elements on the soap is minimal.
Of course, not suitable for industrial micro-analysis instrument using trace amounts of impurities may lead to the failure analysis, but the synthetic soap soap is not a problem.
Importantly, the purity of NaOH must be confirmed in order to facilitate the correct measurement, many packing, must be aware of their content, not to make excessive irritation arising NaOH or NaOH to increase the amount insufficient to make the finished product less prone to rancidity of saponification problems. comparison, oil is even more important choice. Soaps because many people are used to add other substances, the purity is worse, this can be a need to care about 1-2% NaOH impurities. Industrial-grade NaOH cheap and there is no problem to use, so do levels of NaOH using this soap on it.
1 g of water was added a (or a mL) in a flask, weighed and b g of anhydrous copper sulfate (for a sufficient amount) In a separate flask
2, a certain quality of this solid was dissolved in a NaOH g of water
3, the resulting solution was passed through an appropriate amount (not excessive, so as to produce sodium bicarbonate) of the dried carbon dioxide
4, take the obtained product was heated to evaporate water (plus port flask stopper hole)
5, the evaporated water vapor pass into the original weighed b g of anhydrous copper sulfate until the solution evaporated until the original
6, weighed absorbent becomes blue copper weight, set c g
If cb> a description of the water generated during the reaction.
4A zeolite MSDS
1,4A zeolite
Formula Na12AL12Si12O48 · 27H2O, skeleton-like three-dimensional structure of silicon oxide and aluminum compound represented by the tetrahedron composed of a cubic crystal, the cell center is a hole diameter of 1.14A, which consists of an 8-membered ring and a 6-phase similar holes connected together, consisting of a hole diameter of this 8-membered ring structure formed of 4.12A, it is known as 4A zeolite. Its traditional method of synthesis methods are sodium silicate, activated clay Law, Law bentonite, kaolin law and gangue law. Water glass method mature technology, easy to control, but the high cost. Activated clay and bentonite Law Act need to add aluminum source, high cost, and equipment to corrosion. Kaolin is the use of method and gangue method consistent with the ratio of the alumina-silica zeolite 4A characteristics to convert it to a reactive metakaolin, and subjected to hydrothermal crystallization of zeolite is made in the conversion reaction of aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, but this raw ore roasting process requires high temperatures, large energy consumption, while the environment will also have some degree of contamination.
It is a non-toxic, odorless, tasteless and better mobility white powder, with a strong calcium ion exchange capacity, environmental pollution, is an ideal alternative to sodium tripolyphosphate phosphorus detergent additives, surface adsorption ability, is the ideal adsorbent and desiccant.
2, Nature
White solids. Movement network-like structure, containing a uniform orifice diameter 0.42nm, the specific surface area of about 600m2 / R, insoluble in water and organic solvents, can be dissolved in alkali and acid. Heated above 800 ℃, the re-formation of white crystalline silica-like structure. Adsorption of water, liquid, gas and the unsaturated organic substance. Exchange capacity for calcium ions, the theoretical exchange capacity of 352CaCO3mg / g, typically 290 ~ 320mgCaCO3 / g, whiteness ≥ 95%, pH value of 10 to 11.5, the apparent density of 0.3 ~ 0.5g/cm3, an average particle diameter of 2μm particle size distribution ≤ 4μm accounted for more than 85%. Phosphorus detergent additives used in place of sodium tripolyphosphate; oil and other industrial gases and liquids as drying, dehydration and purification, as catalysts and also soft water.
The biological process of poly glutamic acid was published in Jiangsu
Since the 90s of the last century, development green chemical products has become a trend in the development of chemical industry, and the polymerization of amino acid series products development also emerged from. In recent years, Japan, the United States and other developed countries have carried out the research of microbial fermentation gamma polyglutamic acid, the Japanese walk in the forefront of the world, which Meiji Seika has realized the gamma poly glutamic acid in commercial production, and gradually extended its application, and the gamma poly glutamic acid also has been rarely reported.
Gamma polyglutamic acid (PGA) is a by microbial synthesis of poly amino acids, has excellent biological compatibility and biodegradability, the in vivo degradation for glutamic acid directly absorbed and used as biomedical materials. In addition, because of strong water absorption of poly glutamic acid, easy modification, can be rapidly degraded in nature, will not cause environmental pollution, can be used in cosmetics, food and drug delivery.
The topic group for the production of poly glutamic acid is mostly used in Japan, the extraction process is very complex, the production cost is very high. Through natural selection and mutation, strains with independent intellectual property rights, combined with the optimization of the enzyme production mechanism and fermentation conditions, gamma poly glutamic acid concentration of generated 30 grams / liter above, the glutamate substrate conversion rate of 80% of the production level and production rate reached 25 grams / liter / hour. At the same time, the new technology will be used to separate the traditional means of separation and ultrafiltration membrane separation means to simplify the process, so that the yield of the product reached 80%, the product content of 99%. The preparation and application of gamma poly glutamic acid high water absorbent resin were studied, and the water absorption of high water absorbent resin with water absorption rate of 1600 g / g was obtained. According to reports, the resin is a kind of sand fixing vegetation eco friendly materials, and is currently the preliminary study on the agricultural application.